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<<< 1 >>>
- The Unity of One God: I alone am God and there is no god beside me (Deut 32:39; 4:35)
- One Chosen people, a holy nation (Ex 19:6; Deut 7:6-7; 14:2; 26:18-19)
- The choicest first-fruits of your soil shall you bring to the house of the Lord (Ex 23:19; 34:26; Deut 26:2-4)
- Consecrate to me every first-born … both of man and beast (Ex 13:2; Deut 15:19-23) [Note: First-born animals were given to the Lord; every first-born son must be redeemed (ransomed) (Ex 13:12-15).]
- All the first-born in Israel are sacred to me: I have chosen the Levites … in place of every first-born that opens the womb among the Israelites (Ex 13:2; Num 3:5-13; 8:15-19)
- First-born son was entitled to a double share of inheritance, as the first-fruit of his manhood (Deut 21:17)
- One month of mourning granted to female captives (Deut 21:12-13)
- One day limitation on new spouse or familiar vow approval (Num 30:9, 13; 30:8, 12 KJV)
- One year redemption period on (non-Levite) city houses (Lev 25:29-31)
- One year military exemption under special circumstances (Deut 24:5; 20:5-8)
- Various sacrificial or vow offerings specified one particular type of animal (e.g., one ram or one goat) (Num 28:11-15) [Note: The number of animals designated and their intended handling was usually governed by the offeror’s service (need). For example, the completion of the Nazarite’s period of dedication required one yearling male lamb for a holocaust, one unblemished yearling ewe lamb for a sin offering, and one unblemished ram for a peace offering (Num 6:14)]
<<< 2 >>>
- Two great lights in the sky (the sun and the moon) to govern the day and the night (Gen 1:16)
- Male and female created he them; the two of them to become one body (Gen 1:27-28)
- Plants and animals: I give them to you (Gen 1:29; 9:3) [Note: While both plants (e.g., grain and wine) and animals (e.g., lambs and goats) were used in religious rituals, ‘the life of the living body is in the blood’, therefore it is the blood which makes atonement for your lives (Lev 17:11.]
- The Lord preceded the Israelites in a column of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night (Ex 13:21-22; Num 12:5; 14:14)
- Two cherubim covering the propitiatory (mercy seat) on the Lord’s Ark of the Covenant (Ex 25:17-21)
- Two angels proceeded against Sodom and saved Lot’s family (Gen 19:1-29)
- Two of each kind of (unclean) beast, male and female, taken into Noah’s Ark (Gen 6:19-22)
- Moses received the commandments written/replaced on two stone tablets (Ex 24:12; 31:18; 32:15; Deut 5:22; Ex 34:1)
- Two or three witnesses needed to establish judicial testimony (Deut 19:15; 17:6; Num 35:30)
- Two-fold restitution by someone caught stealing animals or other property (Ex 22:3; 22:4 KJV)
- Two-fold restitution for someone losing a deliberated appropriation claim (Ex 22:8; 22:9 KJV)
- A double share of inheritance goes to the first-born son (See 1 above)
- The spoils of war were split in half between the fighters and the rest of the community (Num 31:25-31) [Note: Each half was taxed at a different rate, discussed later.]
- A master must be punished for seriously striking his slave (unto death), unless the slave lives on for a day or two (Ex 21:20-21)
- Two levels of priestly duty: the high priest (Aaron and his sons)- performers of the sacred functions (Num 4:15; 3:10) and the Levites- ministers of the Dwelling (later the Temple) (Num 1:50-53; 3:5-10; 18:1-7) [Note: Eventually the Levites would be given their own residential cities in the Promised Land, but could also serve as roaming missionaries (Deut 18:6-8).]
- Two classifications of animals and activities: clean and unclean (Lev 11:1-47) [Note: ‘Clean’ in this sense referred mainly to being suitable for sacrifice, eating, or touching without offense, although ‘cleanness’ and ‘uncleanness’ could be used in the ordinary sense of latrines, bloodshed, dirty skin, etc. Those who worked with, handled, or came into contact with unclean things also were often deemed unclean (Lev 22:4-8; 15:16-17; 11:39-40; et al.]
- Two bekas equals one shekel [Note: Shekel was a weight or unit of measurement used to calculate a corresponding value in gold or silver (Ex 38:26).]
- Two stones atop the shoulder straps of Aaron’s ephod vestment. Each onyx stone was engraved with the names of six of the Israelite tribes (Ex 28:9-14)
- Aaron could only enter the sanctuary by bringing two animals: a young bullock for a sin offering and a ram for a holocaust (Lev 16:3) [Note: ‘Holocaust’ means wholly burned, versus other animals which were often cut into pieces before being burned or only partially burned.]
- Two kinds of Sabbaths: the ordinary seventh-day (work-rest) Sabbath and the specially proclaimed (High Festival) Sabbath (Ex 20:8-11; Num 29:1, 7) [Note: ‘Sabbath’ was not the name of a day or an original holiday; it simply called for a ‘cessation’, a pause from work activity.]
- Each morning and evening one unblemished yearly lamb would be offered (Ex 29:38-42; Num 28:3-8)
- As part of the act of Atonement, two male goats were offered: one as a sin offering and the other as a scapegoat (Lev 16:5-10, 15-28)
- Various offerings specified the sacrifice of two bullocks (Num 28:11,19,27)
- Minor offenses or cleansings required the offering of two turtledoves or two pigeons (Lev 5:7; 12:8; 15:29; Num 6:10; et al)
- Purification after leprosy required the special treatment of two clean birds (Lev 14:2-7)
- Some offerings had to be eaten on the same day they were offered; others could be eaten also on the next day (Lev 7:15-19) (Note: Even ‘clean’ flesh sacrifices generally became ‘unclean’ by the 3rd day, so they were burned.]
- The portion of the peace (wave) offering that belonged to Aaron and his sons was the breast and the right leg with shoulder (Lev 7:28-34; Ex 29:27-28) [Note: Bible versions differ in their translation of the second portion, depending on context and circumstances, calling it the leg, thigh, or heave shoulder.]
- Sometimes the new husband had to pay twice the (standard) marriage price (Deut 22:13-21)
- Two competing sons of Adam and Eve: Cain and Abel (although they had others) (Gen 4:1-2)
- Two competing sons of Isaac: Esau and Jacob (Gen 25:25-26)
- Two sons of Moses: Gershom and Eliezar (Ex 18:3-4)
- The table of acacia wood for the Dwelling was 2 cubits long by 1 cubit wide by 1½ cubits high (Ex 25:23)
- Two chains of pure gold for Aaron’s ephod (Ex 28:14); plus two more for his breastpiece (Ex 28:22)
- Two silver trumpets to sound for camp (Num 10:1-2)
<<< 3 >>>
- Presaging the Holy Trinity: three angels who visited Abraham (Gen 18:1-2); I (the Lord) will meet you there between the two cherubim on the Ark (Ex 25:22) [Note: Other passages have been deemed prophetic, such as Abraham offering up his beloved son in sacrifice (Gen 22:1-18) or Moses promising that the Lord will raise up another prophet like him (Deut 18:18), followed by Jesus saying that he will send us another Comforter (John 14:15-18). Less specifically, other passages such as ‘in our image, after our likeness’ (Gen 1:26) suggested a mind, body, and soul replication of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.]
- The three environs of worldly existence: anything in the sky above or on the earth below or in the waters beneath the earth (Ex 20:4). Have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air, and all the living things that move on the earth (Gen 1:28)
- Three founding fathers of a nation (the Patriarchs): Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Israel) (Ex 2:24; 3:15-16)
- Prior to having kings in Israel, religious action usually depended on three types of personages: priest (ritual performer and enforcer), prophet (seer and evincer), and judge (military or political leader) (Ex 29:43-46; Deut 18:15-22; Ex 18:21-26) [Note: Only Moses in the Old Testament was said to possess all three personages simultaneously in respect to all Israelites (Num 12:6-8), although he did transfer some of these gifts and responsibilities unto others (Ex 28:1; 18:24-26; Num 11:16-17; 27:18-23).]
- Three major (pilgrimage) festivals: Passover, Pentecost (also called Feast of Weeks), and Booths (also called the Feast of the Tabernacle) (Deut 16:16; Ex 34:22-24) [Note: The command of a pilgrimage (that is, to appear before the Lord) assumes that a nation has been created in Canaan and that it is safe to travel.]
- Given promise to Abram (Abraham) of “I will make of you a great nation’ (Gen 12:2; 28:13-15) would not see fulfillment until the 3rd generation with Jacob and his 12 sons (the 12 sons/tribes of Israel)
- Levi (3rd born of Israel) became the foundation for the priestly order, along with Aaron and Moses. The Levites were taken in place of every first-born in Israel (see 1 above; Gen 29:32-34; Num 8:5-19)
- Offerings in general consisted of sacrificial (flesh) offerings, cereal (grain) offerings, and libations (wine) (Num 28:3-8; et al) [Note: Occasionally offerings were neither sacrificed, eaten, or burned, such as the scapegoat and the clean bird sent flying away over the countryside.]
- Two or three witnesses were needed for judicial testimony (see 2 above)
- Leftover sacrificial offerings were generally burned on the 3rd day (see 2 above)
- A (cruel) master could become exempt from reflective punishment by the 3rd day (see 2 above)
- Every 3rd year the tithes were deposited in community storage (Deut 14:28-29; 26:12-15)
- Newly-planted trees (e.g., pomegranates) should be left unharvested for the first three years (Lev 19:23-25) [Note: Leaving the fruit unharvested for three years was more or less the religious equivalent to the uncircumcised flesh of animals. Only in the 4th year would all of its fruit be dedicated to the Lord, thereby making the tree ‘circumcised’.]
- Three entitlements granted to wives: food, clothing, and conjugal rights (Ex 21:10-11)
- Purification after mortal combat required staying outside the camp for seven days while purifying themselves on the 3rd and 7th day (Num 31:19-24)
- Similar purification on the 3rd and 7th day is specified for other types of uncleanness, such as touching a dead body (Num 19:11-12)
- Sins of the fathers may be visited upon the 3rd and 4th generations (Ex 20:5-6; 34:6-9; Num 14:18)
- Children of the Edomites and the Egyptians may be admitted into the Israelite community on their 3rd generation (Deut 23:8-9; 23:7-8 KJV)
- Noah is reported to have three sons prior to the flood; Shem, Ham, Japheth (Gen 5:32)
- Abram sacrificed a three-year old heifer, a three-year old she-goat, and a three-year old ram (Gen 15:9)
- Abraham made a three-day journey to the place he was supposed to sacrifice Isaac (Gen 22:4)
- In the 3rd month after departing Egypt, they camped in the Sinai Desert (Ex 19:1)
- On the 3rd day, the Lord will come down on Mt Sinai (Ex 19:11)
- Do not act dishonestly in using measures of length, weight, and capacity (Lev 19:35-37; Deut 25:13-16)
- The Tabernacle (Dwelling Place) consisted of an Outer Court, an inner Holy Place, and an innermost Holy of Holies, separated or defined by three veils or curtains (Ex 26:31-34; 35-36; 27:9,16,18; Lev 16:2,12)
<<< 4 >>>
- Earth’s four natural seasons (Gen 8:21-22) [Note: Since the Israelites’ measurement of time relied on lunar observations, references to the yearly (solar) seasons were mostly related to agriculture; i.e., the rainy season, plowing season, harvest season, etc.]
- Phases of the moon (month): 1) New moon (first visible sliver) 2) Waxing (first quarter) moon 3) Full (festival) moon 4) Waning (last quarter) moon (Gen 1:14-18) [Note: At first the Israelites used physical observations of the moon to verify the days and weeks. Later the month was standardized, as in, given
1 9 16 23 31 (actual observations)
New moon First quarter Full moon Last quarter New moon
then the month could be translated as
1 8 15 22 29 30 1
Sabbath Sabbath Sabbath Sabbath New moon (month)
Hence every month consisted of at least four work-week Sabbaths, regardless of whatever Holy Day Festival Sabbath was scheduled. This phenomenon will be discussed more fully in my third article.]
- Symbolic four corners of the earth: North, South, East, West (Gen 13:14; Ex 26:18-23; Num 2:3-25; 34:1-12; 35:5; Deut 3:27; Josh 15:1-12)
- Four corners (ideal boundaries) of the nation of Israel: the desert of Sinai in the south, the Lebanon range in the north, the Euphrates River in the east, and the Great (Mediterranean) Sea in the west (Josh 1:4) [Note: More realistic boundaries were described in Num 34:1-12.]
- Put tassels on the four corners of your garments (Num 15:37-40; Deut 22:12) [Note: Tassels were still being worn in Jesus’ time (Matt 9:20; Mark 6:56).]
- Sins of the fathers visited upon the 3rd and 4th generation (see 3 above)
- Fruit from a newly-planted tree when harvested in the 4th year should be dedicated to the Lord as a thanksgiving feast (Lev 19:23-25; see 3 above)
- Four sheep as restitution for stealing and slaughtering one sheep (Ex 21:37; 22:1 KJV)
- Number of generations from Jacob to Moses (five figures inclusive): (Ex 6:14-20) Jacob > Levi > Kohath > Amram > Moses [Note: This may be considered in fulfillment (Gen 28:13-15) of Jacob by the fourth time-span (generation) (Gen 15:13-16).]
- Four gold rings on the four supports of the Ark (Ex 25:12)
- The table of the Dwelling also had four gold rings (one for each corner) (Ex 25:26-27)
- The lampstand of the Dwelling had four cups (bowls) on the center shaft (Ex 25:34)
- The size of each linen sheet used in the tent cloth was 4 cubits wide by 28 cubits long (Ex 26:2)
- The size of each goat-hair sheet used in the tent cloth was 4 cubits wide by 30 cubits long (Ex 26:7-8)
- Four bronze rings for each corner of the altar (Ex 27:4)
- Four gold rings: two on each side of the altar of incense (Ex 30:4)
- Four rivers defining Eden (Paradise) (Gen 2:10-14)
<<< 5 >>>
- The five books of Moses (Pentateuch) [Note: These books act as testaments to the early progression of overall Judaic existence: 1) Pre-Sinai (symbolically from Noah to Moses) 2) Passover Exodus Period (from Joshua to the last Judge) 3) Kingdom Period 4) Captivity and Diaspora Period 5) (Modern) Hebrew Period.]
- Number of Israelites (by successive generation) who resided wholly or partially in Egypt prior to the Exodus: (Ex 6:14-20) Jacob > Levi > Kohath > Amram > Moses (not including Moses’ offspring who were born and lived elsewhere)
- Five legal occasions (lines) of authority (according to proximity or respect required):
1) Parents-Elders (Ex 20:12; 21:17; Lev 19:3,32; 20:9; Deut 5:16; 19:11-12; 21:6-9, 18-21; 27:16; 22:18)
2) Judges (Deut 16:18-20; 17:8-13; 21:1-2; Jud 2:16-19)
3) Priests (Deut 17:8-13; 18:3-8; Num 18:8-32; 5:9-10; 35:1-8; Ex 29:27-28; Lev 7 (all); 10:12-15)
4) Anointed Leaders (Ex 22:27; 22:28 KJV; Deut 17:14-20)
5) Prophets (Num 12:6; Deut 18:15-22)
- Five potentially different (conditional) responses to the same/similar (inadvertent) sin:
1) (as committed by) Priest or the collective community – one unblemished young bullock (Lev 4:1-21; Num 15:22-24)
2) Prince or Ruler - unblemished male goat (Lev 4:22-26)
3) (Solvent) Private Person [whether native or resident alien (Num 15:27-29)] – unblemished she-goat or female lamb (Lev 4:27-35; also Lev 5:1-6)
4) Indigent case of 3) – two turtledoves or two pigeons (Lev 5:7-10; 12:8), especially for acts of uncleanness and unforthrightness
5) More indigent case of 4) – cereal offering (fine flour) (Lev 5:11-13) [Note: Less intrusive acts of uncleanness merely required the washing of garments and/or bathing in water, being thus unclean only until evening (Lev 11:24-25, 31, 39-40; Num 19:8; Lev 15:16-17; et al).]
- Five columns of acacia wood for holding the curtain of the Dwelling (Ex 26:37; 36:38)
- An altar of acacia wood 5 cubits long by 5 cubits wide by 3 cubits high (Ex 27:1)
- Five oxen as restitution for stealing and slaughtering one ox (Ex 21:37; 22:1 KJV)
- Fifth year of newly-planted tree is an open harvest (Lev 19:25; see 4 above)
- Five shekels were ransomed as a form of redemption for each Israelite first-born (Num 3:44-51; 18:16)
- One-fifth additional payment as interest or penalty [Note: See 20(%) below for details and references.]
- Each prince of Israel gave 5 rams, 5 goats, and 5 lambs for the dedication of the altar (Num 7:12-83)
- Five kinds (categories) of animals offered: goats, sheep, cattle, pigeons, doves (Num 28:11-15; 6:10; et al)
<<< 6 >>>
- In six days the Lord created the heavens and the earth (Gen 2:1-2; Ex 20:11; 31:17) [Note: The appearance of 6 thus suggested a completion, or else served as a prelude for something happening at 7 or beyond.]
- Six days shall you labor and do all your work (Ex 20:8-11; 23:12; 31:15; 34:21; 35:2 Lev 23:3; Deut 5:13)
- For six years you may sow your land and gather in its produce (Ex 23:10; Lev 25:3)
- Six cities of asylum shall you assign (Num 35:6; Deut 4:41-42; 19:1-7; Josh 20:7-9)
- On the sixth day they gathered twice as much manna (Ex 16:5, 22, 26)
- A cloud covered Mt Sinai for six days (Ex 24:16)
- The number of generations from Abraham unto Moses (7 figures inclusive): (Gen 21:2-3; 25:26; Ex 6:14-20) Abraham > Isaac > Jacob > Levi > Kohath > Amram > Moses [Note: Thus I will make of you a great nation (Gen 12:1-3).]
- A Hebrew slave served for six years (unless redeemed or set free) (Ex 21:2-6; Deut 15:12-15)
- Six baggage wagons were presented by the princes of Israel for the dedication of the altar (Num 7:3)
- Six articles of sacred vestments worn by Aaron: breastpiece, ephod, robe, tunic, miter, sash (Ex 28:4)
<<< 7 >>>
- On the 7th day God rested (work-rest Sabbath) (Gen 2:2; Ex 16:26-27; 20:8-11; 23:12; 31:12-17; 34:21; 35:1-3; Lev 23:1-3; Deut 5:12-15)
- In the 7th year, let the land lie untilled and unharvested (land-rest Sabbath) (Ex 23:10-11; Lev 25:1-7)
- Seven weeks of years shall you count (unto the 49th year and 50th year Jubilee) (Lev 25:8-18) [Note: Some scholars have argued that the 49th and the Jubilee year were really one and the same; otherwise there would be the economic burden of two consecutive years of fallow land use, accompanied of course with the resultant idle workers and possible food shortage. These socio-economic problems can only be speculated; however, just as enough manna would be gathered on the sixth day to cover two days of eating (Ex 16:22-25), the Lord promised that if the Israelites would heed his message, there would be enough blessings of crops to last for three years (Lev 25:18-22).]
- Hebrew slaves must be set free without cost in the 7th year (Ex 21:1-6; Lev 25:39-43; Deut 15: 12-18)
- At the end of every seven years you shall relax all debt (Deut 15:1-6; 23:20-21; 23:19-20 KJV)
- At the end of every seven years you shall read aloud the law in the presence of all Israel (Deut 31:9-13)
- Count seven full weeks … unto Pentecost (Lev 23:15-21; Ex 34:22; Num 28:26; Deut 16:9-12)
- Seven days for ordaining Aaron, and seven days in consecrating and making atonement for the altar (Lev 8:31-36; Ex 29:35-37)
- The sprinkling of blood seven times (Lev 16:14, 19; 4:5-6, 17; et al)
- The sprinkling of oil seven times (Lev 14:15-16, 26-27; 8:10-11; et al)
- Seven days of purification (and occasional isolation) because of uncleanness (Num 6:9; 19:14-20; Lev 15:24, 28; et al). Seven days of uncleanness for a woman giving birth to a boy (Lev 12:1-4)
- Purification measures set for the 3rd and the 7th day (see 3 above; Num 31:19-20; 19:11-12; et al)
- Ancient wedding ceremonies sometimes covered an entire bridal week (Gen 29:27-28; Jud 14:12, 17-18)
- Jacob served seven years for (attained) marriage with Leah, then another seven years for (promised) marriage with Rachel (Gen 29:18-30) [Note: His servitude was one year longer than the standard period of time for slavery (see 6 above); Jacob also served an additional period to obtain his own flock.]
- Joseph observed seven days of mourning for his father Jacob (Gen 50:10)
- Joseph’s dream of interpretation for Pharaoh involved seven healthy cows and seven thin cows, depicting seven bountiful years followed by seven years of famine (Gen 41:25-32)
- Time interval between the first and second plagues in Egypt was seven days (Ex 7:25)
- Time interval between Noah sending out doves looking for dry land was seven days (Gen 8:10)
- Seven lamps for the Dwelling lampstand (Ex 25:37; 37:23; Num 8:1-3)
- Seven pairs of clean animals (versus only one pair of the unclean) entered into Noah’s Ark (Gen 7:1-3)
- Seven days warning of the coming flood given to Noah (Gen 7:4, 10)
- Some feasts (e.g., Passover) and other events extended over the course of seven days (Lev 23:4-8; 8:33; Num 29:12; Ex 29:35-37)
- Only unleavened bread could be eaten during Passover week (Lev 23:6; Ex 12:18-19; 23:15; 34:18)
- Seven yearling lambs were specified for each New Moon and other feasts (Num 28:11, 19, 27; 29:2, 8)
- Although the feast lasted eight days, the Israelites only dwelt in Booths for seven days (Lev 23:41-43)
- Seven bullocks were required over the course of ordination (Ex 29:35-36)
- Seven bullocks were sacrificed on the 7th day of Booths (Num 29:32)
- Seven goats were sacrificed over the first seven days of Booths (Num 29:12-34)
- The seventh month was the most holy month, having four feasts and ten holy days [referencing New Moon and New Year’s (same day), Atonement (one day), and Booths (eight days); being that the first day of the 7th month was civil New Year prior to Exodus and the command of Passover to be designated as the (new) first month (Num 28:11; 29:1, 7, 12) (Ex 12:1-2)]
- In an attempt to curse Israel, Balaam asked for seven altars, seven bullocks, and seven rams (Num 23:1)
- Defiance against the Lord could lead to smiting seven times harder than before (Lev 26:24, 28)
- Total number of prescribed rams (and goats) over the course of Passover (Lev 23:4-8; Num 28:16-25)
- Abraham set apart seven ewe lambs in a pact for a well (Gen 21:27-32)
- Seven nations were to be displaced in the Promised Land (Deut 7:1-2)
- After marching around Jericho seven times on the 7th day, seven priests blew the rams horns (Josh 6:1-25)
- Seven-fold vengeance for killing Cain (Gen 4:15)
- Seven appurtenances associated with the Dwelling (Tabernacle): table, lampstand, golden altar, the Ark, propitiatory, bronze altar, laver (and base) (Ex 39:33-40)
- Bowing to the ground seven times (Gen 33:3)
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- Every male, when he is eight days old, shall be circumcised (Gen 17:12; Lev 12:3) [Note: This law also applied to sons born to household servants and slaves (Gen 17:12-14), as well as to resident aliens if they wanted to participate in Passover (Ex 12:48).]
- Every first-born, both of man and of beast, must be dedicated to the Lord on the eighth day (Num 18:17-18) [Note: These animals were sacrificed, but the son would be redeemed (Num 18:16; Ex 13:1-2, 11-15; 22:28-29; 22:29-30 KJV; Deut 15:19-23; 14:23). Besides first-borns, general oblations were not eligible for offering until at least the 8th day (Lev 22:26-28). The Israelites considered themselves the first-born of humanity because of their dedication to the Lord, hence not so much the ‘chosen people’ as the ‘chosen priests’. As part of that responsibility, they were cautioned by God to always accept and help the alien and other willing ethnic groups. Eventually Jesus would expand this concept of ‘chosen’ to include Gentile and Jew alike.]
- Passover started on the evening of the 14th, spanned seven days, then culminated with the eighth-day Sabbath (21st) (Ex 12:14-18; Lev 23:5-8; Num 28:16-25; Deut 16:1-8) [Note: The significance of the number 8 can be interpreted in scripture as marking the completion of some count, span, or exercise and/or the institution of a new oblation, direction, or dedication. This will be explained more in my third article.]
- The octave (8th day) of the ordination process for Aaron brought about religious revelation (Lev 9:1-24)
- The Feast of Booths (Tabernacles) had eight full days of special sacrifices and offerings (Lev 23:33-43; Num 29:12-39; Deut 16:13-15)
- Over the eight days of Booths, eight goats were required (Num 29:12-39)
- Reviving the Nazarite vow after uncleanness required seven days of purifying followed by an eighth day offering two turtledoves or two pigeons, such that his re-consecration could begin (Num 6:9-12)
- A woman becoming freed of her menstrual affliction likewise made an eighth day offering (Lev 15:28-30); also a leper being purified (Lev 14:8-10, 21-23)
- Eight people were saved on Noah’s Ark (Gen 8:16; 9:18)
- Eight bullocks were offered on the sixth day of Booths (Num 29:29)
<<< 9 >>>
- For the 10% tithe, one out of every ten animals counted was given to the Lord (priests); the other nine were open (free) (Lev 27:32-33)
- Sabbath for the Day of Atonement began at sunset on the evening of the 9th day (7th month) (Lev 23:32)
- The ordination of the priests required two rams and a single bullock each day for seven days (2 + 7 = 9) (Lev 8:1-2; Ex 29:1, 35-36)
- The number of generations from Adam to Noah (10 figures inclusive): Adam > Seth > Enosh (Enos) > Kenan (Cainan) > Mahalalel (Mahalaleel) > Jared > Enoch > Methuselah > Lamech > Noah (Gen 5; Luke 3:23-38) [Note: These lines of ‘generation’ by definition refer to created offspring or links to the end figure; besides which, Adam was not generated but created.]
- Nine bullocks were offered on the fifth day of Booths (Num 29:26)
- Og, King of Bashan, had a bed 9 cubits long by 4 cubits wide (Deut 3:11)
<<< 10 >>>
- All tithes of the land (10%), whether grain or fruit, belong to the Lord; as well as every tenth animal of your herd and flock (counted by the herdsman rod) (Lev 27:30-33; Deut 14:22-27; 12:17-19) [Note: The tithes of Israel were ceded to the Levites as their heritage and as recompense for their services (Num 18:21-24), and they must be partaken of only in the presence of the Lord (Deut 14:22-23; 12:17-18).]
- A tithe of the tithes must be submitted by the Levites to Aaron and his sons (Num 18:25-32)
- Cereal offerings were frequently offered – presented in factors of one-tenth, two-tenths, etc. of an ephah (measure of carrying capacity similar to our small bushel) (Lev 6:12-13; 6:19-20 KJV; 14:10, 21; Num 28:12; 29: 3-4, 9-10; et al)
- Ten ephahs (or 10 baths liquid) equals one homer (Eze 45:11) [Note: Terms in the Bible related to size or capacity or even to monetary value should be interpreted without prejudice – relative to the century or context of their use.]
- Ten omers equals one ephah (Ex 16:36)
- Ten plagues on Egypt (Ex 7:14 thru 12:36)
- The Israelites in the desert tested and tried the Lord’s anger ten times (Num 14:22-23)
- Of the twelve scouts sent early into the Promised Land, only two (Joshua and Caleb) gave honest reports; the remaining ten grumbled against going into the land (Num 13:25-33; 14:1-10) [Note: This divisiveness could be seen as prophetic of the ten tribes of (Northern) Israel separating from Judah and Benjamin (I Kings 11:11-13, 30-35; 12:21-24).]
- The Day of Atonement began in earnest on the 10th day of the 7th month (Lev 23:27; Num 29:7)
- Ten animals were prescribed for the eighth day of the Feast of Booths (as well as New Year’s Day), disregarding any Sabbath or daily offerings: 1 bullock, 1 ram, 7 lambs, 1 goat (Num 29:2-5, 36-38)
- Abram was childless with his wife (Sarai); but after living in Canaan for ten years, he had relations with Hagar who would bear him a son (Gen 16:3)
- According to Genesis 5:32; 11:10-26, there were ten generations (11 figures inclusive) from Noah to Abraham: Noah > Shem > Arpachshad > Shelah > Eber > Peleg > Reu > Serug > Nahor > Terah > Abram [Note: Luke chapter 3 adds one more – Cainan, son of Arphaxad, father of Shelah.]
- Leaders and judges were established over tens, fifties, hundreds, thousands (Deut 1:15; Ex 18:21-22)
- Ten bullocks were sacrificed on the 4th day of Booths (Num 29:23)
- By the first day of the 10th month, the waters (Noah’s flood) had abated (Gen 8:5)
- “Suppose there were only ten innocent in Sodom” (Gen 18:32)
- Laban pursued Jacob over the course of ten days (3 days head start plus 7) (Gen 31:22-23)
- On the first Passover feast, the people had to procure a (paschal) lamb on the 10th so that it may be sacrificed on the 14th (Ex 12:2-6)
- The boards for the walls of the Dwelling were 10 cubits by one and a half cubits (Ex 36:20-21)
<<< 11 >>>
- Of the proverbial twelve tribes (sons) of Israel (Jacob), only 11 (including Levi) were actually his sons; Manasseh and Ephraim (sons of Joseph, grandsons of Jacob) were assumed and later blessed in Joseph’s stead (Gen 48:8-20) making a total of thirteen
- After Joseph was sold into slavery in Egypt, there were only 11 sons staying with Jacob (Gen 42:13, 32) [Note: Some scholars see this as an (obverse) prophesy for Judas, the lone disciple who betrayed Jesus.]
- The fruits of combat (spoils of war) were divided evenly between the soldiers and the rest of the Israelite community. A levy tax of 1 out of every 500 persons or beasts was assessed against the warriors, whereas 1 out of every 50 for the rest. This is an effective rate of 1.1%; in other words, out of every 1000 persons or animals captured: 1/500 X (500) + 1/50 X (500) = 11 ceded to the priests (Num 31:25-31)
- The specified prescription for the New Moon, Passover, or Pentecost feasts (that is, ignoring any daily or Sabbath offerings) was 2 bullocks, 1 ram, 7 lambs, and 1 goat – which totals 11 animals (Num 28:11-15, 16-22, 26-30)
- Total number of lambs offered on a Passover Sabbath (or the 8th day of Booths): 7 prescribed, 2 daily, 2 Sabbath (Num 28:18-19; 29:35-36)
- Eleven bullocks were sacrificed on the 3rd day of Booths (Num 29:20)
- Total number of ceremonial expressions in the 7th month (discounting the daily sacrifices): Booths 8, Atonement 1, New Year’s 1, New Moon 1 (Num 28:11-15; 29:1-38) [Note: Different ceremonial services were performed for the New Moon and New Year’s Day although they occurred on the same day.]
- 11-day journey from Horeb to Kadesh-barnea (Deut 1:2)
- On the first day of the 11th month (40th year), Moses spoke his commands to the Israelites (Deut 1:3)
<<< 12 >>>
- Recognition of hours of daylight (or night) (Ex 12:29) [Note: Deduced by reflection from John 11:9-10; 9:4, besides being illustrated in many stories and parables (Matt 20:1-16; 24:36; 26:40; Mark 13:32).]
- Twelve months (moons) or occasionally thirteen per year (summarily based on actual new moons and/or cited text dates) (Ex 12:1-3; Num 28:11, 16-17; 29:1, 7; et al)
- Actual 12sons of Israel (Jacob) (Gen 35:22-26; 42:13, 32) [Note: Many have interpreted this as emblematic of the 12 disciples of Jesus to come.]
- Twelve tribes which actually became propertied in the Promised Land (Levi had no designated heritage) (Josh 13 through 19:49)
- Twelve princes or chiefs representing each tribe (Num 1:4-16)
- Twelve princes made offerings, one per day, for the dedication of the altar (Num 7:11-83)
- As a group, the princes gave 12 oxen for the dedication of the altar (Num 7:3)
- Twelve silver plates, twelve silver basins, and twelve gold cups were given (Num 7:84)
- Twelve scouts sent into Canaan (Num 13:2-16)
- Twelve pillars (covenant markers) erected by Moses (Ex 24:4)
- Twelve stones to commemorate the crossing of the Jordan (Josh 4:1-9)
- Twelve men chosen by Joshua when crossing the Jordan (Josh 3:12)
- Twelve precious stones mounted on the breastpiece of decision (Ex 28:15-21)
- Twelve cakes of showbread (Lev 24:5-6)
- A levy of a thousand men from each tribe armed for war (12 thousand in total) (Num 31:1-5)
- Twelve curses (Deut 27:14-26)
- Twelve sons of Ishmael (Gen 25:13-16)
- Twelve bullocks were sacrificed on the second day of Booths (Num 29:17)
- Total number of rams (and goats) sacrificed for the New Moon feasts over an ordinary 12-month year (Num 28:11-15)
- After crossing the Red Sea, the Israelites camped at Elim, which had 12 springs of water (Ex 15:27)
<<< 13 >>>
- Thirteen full moons per year and an occasional 13th month (see 4 and 12 above)
- Counting Levi, there were actually 13 tribes occupying Canaan (see 12 above)
- Jacob was reported to have at least 13 children (12 sons and one daughter) (Gen 34:1; see 12 above)
- On any non-Sabbath day during Passover week, the total number of sacrifices: 2 bullocks, 1 ram, 7 feast lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs (Num 28:16-24, 3-4)
- The number of goats offered as prescribed during the 7th month: New Moon 1, New Year’s 1, Atonement 3 (although one is a scapegoat), Booths 8 (Num 28:15; 29:5, 11, 12-38; Lev 16:5)
- The prescribed number of bullocks offered on the first day of the Feast of Booths (Num 29:13) [Note: This number decreased each day so as to end with seven bullocks on the 7th day, creating a total of 70.]
- Ishmael was 13 when he was circumcised (Gen 17:24-25)
<<< 14 >>>
- Passover began at sunset on the 14th day of the first month [Note: Since on the lunar calendar day one starts with the first sliver (crescent) of the moon, the Israelites’ concept of when ‘day’ began and when ‘day’ ended does not comport with our solar calendars today. The full moon on the lunar calendar generally would occur on the 14th or 15th day (see 4 above). Correspondingly, festivals such as Passover and Booths started on the 14th or 15th day, as we would perceive it today (Num 28:16; 29:12; Lev 23:5; Ex 12:6). A vestige of this lunar view still exists whenever our holidays are celebrated on ‘eves’ (evenings before the actual holiday), such as Christmas Eve and Halloween.]
- Number of precious stones worn by Aaron (shoulder straps 2, breastpiece of decision 12) (see 2 and 12 above)
- A woman who gave birth to a girl would be unclean for 14 days (Lev 12:5)
- A man stricken with (suspected) leprosy would be isolated and examined for seven days, then re-examined and isolated again for seven days to verify cleanness (Lev 13:1-6)
- The prescribed offering of lambs for each day of Booths (except the octave) (Num 29:12-34)
- The prescribed number of rams for Booths was 7 X 2 = 14, discounting the octave (Num 29: 12-34)
- On the eighth day of Booths, a solemn Sabbath, the total number of sacrifices was 14: 1 bullock, 1 ram, 7 lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs, 2 Sabbath lambs (Num 29:36; 28:3-10)
- The prescribed number of bullocks for the seven days of Passover was 7 X 2 = 14 (Num 28:16-25)
<<< 15 >>>
- Completed first day of Passover (a Sabbath); started second day (as we interpret it today) (Lev 23:4-8; Num 9:2-5; 28:16-17; Ex 12:15-16)
- The 15th began the first full day of Booths (Lev 23:34-36; Num 29:12; Deut 16:13-15)
- The eighth day of Booths added one more ram to the 14 above (Num 29:36-37)
- Total number of sacrifices for Pentecost (or Passover Sabbath): 2 bullocks, 1 ram, 7 lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs, 2 Sabbath lambs (Num 28:26-31; Lev 23:4-21) [Note: Lev 23:15-21 differs in the amount reported for Pentecost. See 17 below.]
- Number of bars of acacia wood for the Dwelling: five at the rear and five on either side-wall) (Ex 26:26-27); also a center bar that reached from end to end (Ex 26:28)
- The crest of the flood (Noah) was 15 cubits higher than the mountains (Gen 7:19-20)
- The Israelites arrived in the desert of Sin after crossing the Red Sea on the 15th day of the 2nd month (Ex 16:1) [Note: Presumably this is exactly one month after leaving Egypt.]
- Hangings on the court of the Dwelling were 15 cubits long (Ex 27:14-15)
<<< 16 >>>
- Completed second Passover day; started third day (see 15 above)
- Given that the 15th day of the first month was the presiding Passover Sabbath, then the wave-offering of the grain sheaf occurred on the 16th, which was when the sickle was first put to the standing grain, and thereby technically initiating the 50-day count for harvesting unto Pentecost (Lev 23:4-11, 15-16; Deut 16:9) [Note: More realistically, however, since Passover was a pilgrimage feast (Ex 34:23-24) such that farmers and landowners typically journeyed to a centralized location (Deut 16:1-8), eventually Jerusalem, to sacrifice the Passover and to celebrate the feast week (recalling Exodus), no doubt many Israelites, having no servants or working retainers, would probably not have been able to conduct a full harvesting week until the 22nd or thereafter.]
- The eighth day of ordination added one calf and one ram (from Aaron) and one goat, one calf, one lamb, one ox, and one ram (from the elders) to the 9 above; thus for the seven days (7 + 9 = 16) (Lev 9:1-4)
- After the Passover, on the 16th, the manna no longer fell and the Israelites ate thereon from the yield of the land Of Canaan (Josh 5:10-12)
- Number of lambs sacrificed on a non-Sabbath day in Booths: 14 prescribed and 2 daily (Num 29:17-32)
- Total number of bullocks, rams, and goats sacrificed on day one of Booths (13 + 2 + 1) (Num 29:12-16)
<<< 17 >>>
- Completed third Passover day; started fourth day (see 15 above)
- Total offerings for the Day of Atonement (discounting any Sabbath offerings):
Assembly - 1 bullock 1 ram 7 lambs 1 goat (Num 29:7-11)
Aaron - 1 bullock 1 ram (Lev 16:1-3)
Community - 1 ram 2 goats (Lev 16:5)
Established daily 2 lambs (Ex 29:38-42; Num 28:3-8)
[Note: Since the 8th day and the 15th day of the seventh month were work-rest Sabbath days, the 10th day (Atonement) could not be. Instead, it was a proclaimed day of rest (Sabbath) which may or may not have required two additional lambs. This potential oversight is covered in 19 below.]
- Regarding Noah, the flood rains commenced on the 17th day of the 2nd month (Gen 7:11)
- On the 17th day of the 7th month, Noah’s Ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat (Gen 8:4)
- Joseph was about 17 years of age when sold into slavery in Egypt (Gen 37:2, 26-28, 36)
- Jacob’s time living in Egypt, after leaving Canaan, was 17 years (Gen 47:27-28)
- Lev 23:15-21 (as opposed to Num 28:26-31) reported the Pentecost offerings as: 1 bull, 2 rams, 7 lambs, 1 goat, 2 peace lambs, 2 daily lambs, 2 Sabbath lambs
<<< 18 >>>
- Completed fourth Passover day; started fifth day (see 15 above)
- Total sacred convocational/feast days: Booths 8, Passover 7, Pentecost 1, Atonement 1, New Year’s 1 (Num 28:16-31; 29:1-39) [Note: When the New Moon feasts are included (12 or 13), this brings the total to 29 or 30 (i.e., about a calendar month), since New Year’s Day coincides with a New Moon feast.]
- Even after possessing the Promised Land, the Israelites would sadly fall into sin and unfaithfulness. In response the Lord would raise up an enemy against them. The Ammonites afflicted and oppressed some Israelites for 18 years because they had abandoned the Lord and would not serve Him (Jud 10:6-8)
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on the first day of Booths (a Sabbath): 14 prescribed, 2 daily, 2 Sabbath (Num 28:3-10; 29:12-16)
<<< 19 >>>
- Completed fifth Passover day; started sixth day (see 15 above)
- Adding two Sabbath-day lambs, the total number of offerings on the Day of Atonement (see 17 above)
- According to Genesis, there were 19 generations (20 figures inclusive) from Adam unto Abraham (See 9 and 10 above for list and references)
- Total number of actual goat sacrifices (20 offerings less one scapegoat) for the five annual feasts: Booths 8, Passover 7, New Year’s 1, Pentecost 1, Atonement 2 (less the intended scapegoat) (Num 28:16-31; 29:1-39; Lev 16:20-22)
<<< 20 >>>
- Completed sixth Passover day; started seventh day (see 15 above)
- 20% interest (one-fifth additional value) must be paid on various transactions such as redemption of 1) a first-born (unclean) animal (Lev 27:26-27); 2) a vowed (unclean) animal (Lev 27:11-13); 3) a dedicated house (Lev 27:14-15); 4) a dedicated field (Lev 27:19); 5) tithes (Lev 27:31)
- 20% penalty must be paid on various infractions such as restitution for inadvertent consumption of a sacred offering (Lev 22:14); restitution for withheld dues to the Lord (Lev 5:16-19); restoration for denying a neighbor what is rightfully his (Lev 5:20-26; 6:1-7 KJV)
- The vow redemption price for a male between 5 and 20 years of age was 20 shekels (Lev 27:4-6)
- Total goat offerings for the five annual feasts (see 19 above)
- Total number of prescribed ram sacrifices in the 7th month: Booths 15, Atonement 3, New Year’s 1, New Moon 1 (Num 28:11; 29:1-39; Lev 16:3-5)
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on the first two days of Passover: [(7 prescribed + 2 daily + 2 Sabbath) + (7 prescribed + 2 daily)] (Num 28:16-22)
- Various elements of the Dwelling: 20 columns and 20 pedestals (Ex 27:9-10)
- Entrance curtain for the court was 20 cubits long (Ex 27:16)
- Everyone of 20 years or more must pay the census tax (Ex 30:14)
- Males of 20 years or more fit for military service (Num 1:20)
- No man of 20 years or more shall ever enter the Promised Land (except Joshua and Caleb) (Num 32:11-12)
- The restriction on age for when Levites should begin their ministering service was eventually set at 20 (I Chron 23:24-27) [Note: Apparently the initial starting ages of 30, then 25, were deemed inadequate or perhaps progressive with experience.]
- 20 gerahs to the shekel (Ex 30:13; Lev 27:25; Num 3:47; 18:16; Eze 45:12)
- Jacob slaved for 20 years under Laban (14 for Laban’s two daughters in marriage and 6 for obtainment of his own flock) (Gen 31:38-42)
- Joseph was sold into slavery for 20 pieces of silver (Gen 37:28)
- Joseph established the policy in Egypt of giving 1/5th (20%) of the harvest to Pharaoh (Gen 47:23-26)
- “Suppose there were only 20 innocent in Sodom …” (Gen 18:31)
<<< 21 >>>
- Completed seventh Passover day; regular Sabbath began (see 15 above)
- The eating of unleavened bread ended on the evening of the 21st day (Ex 12:18)
- According to Genesis, there were 21 generations (22 figures inclusive) from Adam to Jacob (Israel) (See 19 above and adding Isaac and Jacob)
- Each prince of Israel gave an offering of 21 animals for the dedication of the altar: 1 bull, 1 ram, 1 lamb (holocaust), 1 goat (sin offering), 2 oxen, 5 rams, 5 goats, 5 lambs (peace offering) (Num 7:12-88)
- Total number of prescribed sacrifices for New Year’s Day (not counting the daily or Sabbath lambs): For New Year’s - 1 bullock, 1 ram, 7 lambs, 1 goat; for New Moon – 2 bullocks, 1 ram, 7 lambs, 1 goat (Num 28:11-15; 29:1-6)
<<< 22 >>>
- The lampstand for the Dwelling of the Tabernacle had three branches on each side with three bowls (cups) on each branch (6 X 3 = 18), plus the shaft itself carried four bowls (18 + 4 = 22) (Ex 25:31-35; 37:17-21)
- Joseph was sold into slavery at about 17 years of age (see 17 above). He was 30 when summoned and empowered by Pharaoh (Gen 41:46). After seven years of abundance and two years of famine (Gen 41:47; 45:6-11), Jacob migrated with the rest of his sons and all of their possessions to Egypt (Gen 46:1-6); thereby setting up the potential fulfillment of the prophecy after 22 years (13 + 7 + 2), that ‘your descendants shall be aliens in a land not their own … for four hundred years’ (Gen 15:13) [Note: If the 22 years from the time Joseph entered into Egypt is combined with the 400 years (thus coming), then the total number of years in Egypt would approximate the 430 years in Ex 12:40.]
- One more to be added to 21 above, since the princes of Israel gave 12 oxen (1 from each prince) for the dedication of the altar (Num 7:3)
<<< 23 >>>
- When each day’s established daily holocaust of two lambs is combined with totals from the seven days of ordination (Ex 29:35-37; see 9 above), it becomes 9 + 2 X 7 = 23 (Ex 29:38-42)
- Total number of bullocks sacrificed on the first two (non-Sabbath) days of Booths (12 + 11) (Num 29:17-22)
<<< 24 >>>
- Total number of bullocks sacrificed over the course of a regular 12-month year for New Moon feasts (2 X 12), assuming no corrective 13th month added (Num 28:11)
- Two oxen were presented individually by each of the twelve princes of Israel (2 X 12) for the dedication of the altar (Num 7:88)
<<< 25 >>>
- Total number of sacrifices for New Year’s Day (see 21 above), adding the two daily and two Sabbath lambs (Num 28:3-4, 9-10)
- Levite term of service in the meeting tent could begin at 25 years of age (Num 8:23-26; see 20 above)
- According to Genesis and Exodus, there were 25 generations (26 figures inclusive) from Adam to Moses (see 6, 19, and 21 above)
- Total number of bullocks sacrificed on the first two days of Booths (13 + 12) (Num 29:12-19)
<<< 26 >>>
- Total number of bullocks sacrificed over the course of a 13-month year for New Moon feasts (2 X 13) (Num 28:11)
- Discounting a Sabbath day, the total number of sacrifices for the seventh day of Booths: 7 bullocks, 2 rams, 14 lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs (Num 29:32-34)
<<< 27 >>>
- When observed against a fixed reference (faraway star), the sidereal month (as opposed to a calendar month) calibrates a complete orbit of the moon to be about 27 (and 1/3) days, not 29 or 30 days
- Total number of rams sacrificed for the five annual feasts: Booths 15, Passover 7, Atonement 3, New Year’s 1, Pentecost 1 [Note: This assumes the Num 28:16-31; 29:1-38 version, not the Lev 23 version.]
- Discounting a Sabbath day, the total number of sacrifices for the sixth day of Booths: 8 bullocks, 2 rams, 14 lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs (Num 29:29-31)
- Following the flood (Noah), on the 27th day of the second month, the earth was dry (Gen 8:13-14)
<<< 28 >>>
- Four weeks (i.e., four work-rest Sabbaths) or 28 days, corresponding roughly to the four phases of the moon (see 4 above)
- Total number of bullocks, rams, and goats sacrificed during Passover (14 + 7 + 7) (Num 28:16-25)
- Total number of rams sacrificed for the five annual feasts (assuming Lev 23:15-21 version of two rams for Pentecost; see 27 above)
- Discounting a Sabbath day, the total number of sacrifices for the fifth day of Booths: 9 bullocks, 2 rams, 14 lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs (Num 29:26-28)
- The size of each linen sheet used in the tent cloth was 28 cubits long by 4 cubits wide (Ex 26:2; 36:9)
<<< 29 >>>
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on the first three days of Passover [(7 + 2 + 2) +(7 + 2) + (7 + 2)] (Num 28:16-25)
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on the 1st and 8th (Sabbath) days of Booths [(14 +2 +2) + (7 +2 +2)] (Num 28:3-10; 29:12-16, 35-38)
- Discounting a Sabbath day, the total number of sacrifices for the 4th day of Booths: 10 bullocks, 2 rams, 14 lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs (Num 29:23-25)
- Total number of bullocks and rams sacrificed on the first two days of Booths (15 + 14) (Num 29:12-19)
- Nahor was 29 years of age when he became the father of Terah (Gen 11:24)
- 29 talents (plus 730 shekals) in gold was contributed for the sanctuary (Ex 38:24)
<<< 29-30 >>>
- Synodic (calendar) month, which tracks the orbit of the moon in 29 and ½ days, could have a relative length of 29 or 30 days (see 4 above)
- Ransom for a first-born baby boy should be paid when he is a month old (counting 29 or 30 days) (Num 18:16)
- A promise to the Israelites of enough meat for a whole month (Num 11:18-20)
- Total number of dedicated sacred days (convocational or not) annually (see 18 above)
<<< 30 >>>
- Original age for the start of Levitical (priestly) service (see 25 above; Num 4:2-3, 22-23, 46-47)
- While the standard length of time for appropriate mourning was seven days (Gen 50:10), sometimes it could extend to 30 days or longer (Num 20:28-29; Deut 21:13; 34:7-8)
- Joseph was 30 years of age when he attained the role of governor in Pharaoh’s service (Gen 41:46) [Note: A parallel has been drawn between this and when Jesus began his ministry service (Luke 3:23).]
- The height of Noah’s Ark was 30 cubits (approximately 45 feet) (Gen 6:15)
- Discounting a Sabbath day, the total number of sacrifices on the third day of Booths: 11 bullocks, 2 rams, 14 lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs (Num 29:20-22)
- 30 shekels was the vow redemption price for women between the ages of 20 and 60 (Lev 27:2-4)
- The size of each goat-hair sheet in the tent cloth was 30 cubits long by 4 cubits wide (Ex 26:7-8; 36:15)
- 30 shekels was the price paid to the owner when his slave was gored to death (Ex 21:32)
- “Suppose there only 30 innocent in Sodom …” (Gen 18:30)
- Serug was 30 years old when he became the father of Nahor (Gen 11:22)
- Pelag was 30 years old when he became the father of Reu (Gen 11:18)
- Shelah was 30 years old when he became the father of Eber (Gen 11:14)
<<< 31 >>>
- Total number of bullocks, rams, and goats sacrificed on the first two days of Booths (16 + 15) (Num 29:12-19)
- Discounting a Sabbath day, the total number of sacrifices on the 2nd day of Booths: 12 bullocks, 2 rams, 14 lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs (Num 29:17-19)
<<< 32 >>>
- Reu was 32 years old when he became the father of Serug (Gen 11:20)
- Total number of goats offered up or sacrificed over the course of a 12-month year containing all five annual festivals: Atonement 3, Pentecost 1, Passover 7, New Year’s 1, Booths 8, New Moons 12 (Num 28 and 29)
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on any two non-Sabbath days in Booths [2 X (14 +2)] (Num 29:17-34)
<<< 33 >>>
- Total number of goats offered up or sacrificed over the course of a 13-month year containing all five annual festivals (see 32 above plus one additional new moon)
- When a woman gave birth to a boy, she would be unclean for seven days, followed by 33 days more in becoming purified of her blood (Lev 12:1-4) [Note: The end of the seven-day uncleanness period followed by the 8th day circumcision (see 8 above) may be seen as indicative of a new beginning for both the mother and her son.]
- Total number of bullocks sacrificed on the first three non-Sabbath days of Booths (12 + 11 + 10) (Num 29:17-25)
<<< 34 >>>
- Eber was 34 when he became the father of Peleg (Gen 11:16)
- Total number of sacrifices on the first day of Booths (as a Sabbath day): 13 bullocks, 2 rams, 14 lambs, 1 goat, 2 daily lambs, 2 Sabbath lambs (Num 29:12-16)
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on the first two days of Booths [(14+2 +2) + (14 +2)] (Num 29:12-19)
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 29-day non-feast month containing four Sabbaths: 29 daily + 4 Sabbaths + 1 New Moon (Num 28:3-15)
<<< 35 >>>
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 30-day non-feast month containing four Sabbaths (see 34 above plus 1 more day)
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 29-day month containing four Sabbaths and Pentecost [see 34 above, 29 + 4 + 1 + 1 Pentecost] (Num 28:3-15, 26-31)
- Arpachshad was 35 years old when he became the father of Shelah (Gen 11:12)
<<< 36 >>>
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 30-day month containing four Sabbaths and Pentecost (see 35 above plus 1 more day)
- Total number of bullocks sacrificed on the first three days of Booths (13 + 12 + 11) (Num 29:12-22)
- Total number of oxen given by the princes of Israel for the dedication of the altar [(2 X 12) individually + 12 as a group] (Num 7:3, 88)
- The combined sacrifices as holocausts given by the princes were 12 bulls, 12 rams, 12 lambs (Num 7:87)
<<< 37 >>>
- A virgin taken captive from her father and mother (from a non-doomed nation), that an Israelite wished to marry, would be afforded a 30-day mourning period plus a possible bridal week (see 7 above) before consummation of the marriage (Deut 21:10-14) [Note: While a ‘bridal week’ is not codified in this particular law, the formality of not being able to sell her later on and of granting her freedom if she wishes it suggests a true marriage, not just a convenient conquest.]
- Someone who is unclean or on journey during the first month, thereby missing Passover, was allowed to celebrate it on the same date in the second month, assuming the same rules of observance were followed (Num 9:6-12). A conscientious person could thus conduct a Passover sacrifice in the second month while also abiding by six days of unleavened bread followed by a closing Sabbath (Deut 16:5-8). Therefore from the evening of the 14th in the first month to the closing Sabbath in the second month would be approximately 37 days for the entire community to fulfill its Passover obligations.
<<< 38 >>>
- The whole generation of men 20 years of age or older who grumbled against the Lord and were condemned to wander the wilderness for 40 years (Num 14:26-38) had all but perished by 38 years from leaving Kadesh-barnea – the reconnoitering of the land (Deut 2:14-15; Num 32:8)
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on the first four days of Passover (11 + 9 + 9 + 9) (Num 28:16-25)
<<< 39 >>>
- Total number of bullocks and goats sacrificed on the first three days of Booths (14 + 13 +12) (Num 29:12-22)
- Joseph was approximately 39 when his father and brothers joined him in Egypt (see 22 above)
<<< 39-40 >>>
- Total number of rams sacrificed for five feasts over the course of a 12-month or a 13-month year [3 + 1 + 7 + 1 + 15 + 12 or 13] (Num 28:11-31; 29:1-38)
<<< 40 >>>
- After the birth of a boy, a woman would be unclean for 7 days, followed by 33 more days in becoming purified of her blood (40 in total) (Lev 12:1-4)
- A frequent expression (or idiom) was ‘forty days and forty nights’: rain coming down for the flood (Gen 7:4); Moses on the mountain (Ex 24:18); renewal (Ex 34:28); supplication (Deut 10:10-11; 9:9-11, 18-21)
- 40 days to embalm Jacob in Egypt (Gen 50:2-3)
- 40 days to scout the land of Canaan (Num 13:25; 14:34)
- Caleb was 40 years old when sent by Moses to scout (reconnoiter) the land (Josh 14:6-11)
- The Israelites were condemned to wander the wilderness for 40 years (Num 14:32-34; 32:13)
- Aaron died in the 40th year after departing Egypt (Num 33:38)
- Moses’ life is thought to be divisible into three equal segments of 40 years: 1) born and grew up in Egypt until his killing of an Egyptian; 2) living and raising a family in and around Midian; 3) going back to Egypt, freeing the Israelites, and then serving the Lord until his death (Ex 2:1-15; Acts 7:20-44; Deut 34:7)
- The Israelites ate manna for forty years (Ex 16:35)
- Maximum number of (flogging) stripes was 40 (Deut 25:3)
- “Suppose there were only 40 innocent in Sodom” (Gen 18:29)
- Esau was 40 when he married Judith (Gen 26:34)
- Isaac was 40 when he married Rebekah (Gen 25:20)
<<< 41 >>>
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 29-day month containing 4 Sabbaths and Passover (29 +4 + 1 + 7) (Num 28:3-25)
<<< 42 >>>
- 42 cities were given for Levitical residence with surrounding permanent pastureland (besides the six cities of asylum) (Num 35:6-8)
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 30-day month containing four Sabbaths and Passover (see 41 above plus 1 more day)
- Total number of bullocks sacrificed on the first four non-Sabbath days of Booths (12 + 11 + 10 +9) (Num 29:17-28)
- Total number of bullocks and rams sacrificed on the first three days of Booths (15 + 14 + 13) (Num 29:12-22)
<<< 43 >>>
- When Moses died and the Israelites had mourned him for 30 days (Deut 34:7-8), Joshua, filled with the spirit, took over and issued the order to cross over the Jordan in 3 days (Josh 1:2, 10-11). He sent spies into Jericho (Josh 2:1) who later fled and hid away for 3 days after making a promise to Rahab (Josh 2:16-18). Then for six days the Israelites marched around the city, followed by a 7th day of marching 7 times around and blowing the rams horns; whereupon the city walls fell. Assuming continuity, the time from Moses actually viewing the Promised Land [facing toward Jericho (Deut 34:1)], but dying, to the fall of Jericho suggests a minimum of 43 days (30 + 3 +3 +7).
[Note: There is also a curious connection between the number 43 and the length of time reportedly spent in Egypt (430 years). 430 years divided by the number of plagues which freed them (10) equates to 43 years per plague.]
<<< 44 >>>
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 29-day seventh month containing 4 Sabbaths: 29 daily + 4 Sabbaths + Booths 8 + Atonement 1 + New Year’s 1 + New Moon 1 (Num 28:3-15; 29:1-39)
<<< 45 >>>
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 30-day seventh month containing 4 Sabbaths (see 44 above plus 1 more day)
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 29-day seventh month containing 4 Sabbaths and Jubilee (see 44 above plus Jubilee 1)
- “Suppose there were only 45 innocent in Sodom” (Gen 18:28)
<<< 46 >>>
- Total number of dedicated ceremonial expressions in a 30-day seventh month containing 4 Sabbaths and Jubilee (see 44 and 45 above)
- Total number of bullocks sacrificed on the first four days of Booths (13 +12 + 11 + 10) (Num 29:12-25)
<<< 47 >>>
- The numerical significance of the number 7 has spawned the traditional idea that it took seven years for the Israelites to establish ostensible control over Canaan, as promised (Gen 28:13-15). The evidence is only circumstantial. After being condemned to wander in the wilderness for 40 years (Num 14:34), Joshua led the Israelites across the Jordan and sacked Jericho (Josh 1 thru 6). Nevertheless, five years into the quest for control of the Promised Land, Caleb (one of the two scouts who escaped the 40-year condemnation) was still moving into the territory that he would claim as his own (Josh 14:6-14). By this time 2½ tribes had already received their heritage (Josh 14:3). Over the course of the next two years (it is believed) Caleb captured his share (Josh 15:13-19), even as Joshua was urging the others to stop hesitating and to finish taking possession (Josh 18:2-3). The forty years wandering in the desert added to the seven years in conquest references 47 years since Egypt. [Note: From a religious perspective, there is comfort in the idea of a seven-year conquest duration, thereby leading to an eighth-year commencement of new life and control. More accurately, the conquest took many years (see Josh 11:18) and not all of the Canaanites were doomed, removed, or even humbled (see Josh 17:12-13).]
- Moses camped while surrounded by a cloud for 7 days; then finished climbing the mountain and spent another 40 days and 40 nights (Ex 24:12-18)
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on the first five days of Passover [(7 + 2 +2) + (7 + 2) + (7 + 2) + (7 + 2) + (7 + 2)] (Num 28:16-25)
- 47 days from the warning of the flood’s coming through its 40-day fulfillment (Gen 7:4,12,17)
<<< 48 >>>
- 48 cities were promised to the Levites (42 residential, 6 cities of asylum) (Num 35:1-7)
- Total number of work-rest Sabbaths over the course of a 12-month year (4 X 12) (Num 28:9-10)
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on any three non-Sabbath days of Booths [3 X (14 prescribed + 2 daily)] (Num 29)
- Total number of boards designed for the walls of the Dwelling (20 + 20 + 6 + 2) (Ex 26:15-24; 36:23-29)
<<< 49 >>>
- Seven full weeks (49 days) shall be counted unto Pentecost (Lev 23:15-21)
- Seven weeks of years shall you count (49 years) leading unto Jubilee (Lev 25:8-9)
- The levy on the spoils of war for the community was 1 out of 50, leaving 49 clear (open) (Num 31:25-31)
- Seven lambs each day for seven days were prescribed for Passover (not including Sabbaths or the daily holocausts) (Num 28:19-24)
<<< 50 >>>
- Pentecost (the 50th day) celebrated the harvesting of the first fruits of the soil (Lev 23:15-21)
- The 50th year (Jubilee) proclaimed a national liberty for all of its inhabitants (Lev 25:8-22)
- Customary marriage price for virgins was 50 shekels (Deut 22:28-29)
- Tribal leaders (officers) appointed over tens, fifties, hundreds,… (Ex 18:21, 25; Deut 1:15)
- Levite term of service ended at 50 years of age (Num 4:2-3; 8:23-26)
- The width of Noah’s Ark was fifty cubits (see 30 above)
- A levy was taken of one out every 50 animals (see 49 above)
- The width of the court of the Dwelling was 50 cubits (Ex 27:13, 18): 50 cubits long on the east side and west side (Ex 38:12-13)
- The tent cloth contained 50 loops and 50 clasps (Ex 26:5-6; 36:17-18)
- Total number of bullocks sacrificed on the first five non-Sabbath days of Booths (12 +11 + 10 + 9 + 8) (Num 29:17-31)
- Total number of lambs sacrificed on the first three days of Booths [(14 + 2 + 2) + (14 + 2) + (14 + 2)] (Num 29:12-22)
- Total number of bullocks and goats sacrificed on the first four days of Booths ( 14 + 13 + 12 + 11) (Num 29:12-25)
- “Suppose there were 50 innocent in Sodom” (Gen 18:24)
- 50 silver shekels for the vow redemption of persons between 20 and 60 (Lev 27:2-4)
- Bar of gold 50 shekels in weight (Josh 7:21)
Other Notable Numbers Beyond 50
<<< 70 >>>
- Number of descendants who went or migrated into Egypt (Gen 46:26-27; Ex 1:5)
- The Egyptians mourned Joseph for 70 days (Gen 50:3)
- 70 elders came up to the Lord’s presence to ratify the covenant (Ex 24:1-3, 9)
- 70 elders to receive the spirit (Num 11:16-17)
- Each silver basin given by the princes of Israel for the dedication of the altar weighed 70 shekels (Num 7:12-83)
- By design, total number of bullocks sacrificed by the 7th day of the feast of Booths was 70 (Num 29:12-34)
- Two historic figures became fathers at the age of 70: Kenan (Gen 5:12) and Terah (Gen 11:26)
- One of the first places the Israelites encamped was Elim, which had 70 palm trees (Ex 15:27)
- Among many troubled times, the Israelites would spend 70 years in captivity in Babylon (Jer 29:10)
<<< 100 >>>
- The time span of two Jubilees (a century) (Lev 25:8-12)
- Age when Abraham received the promise of a legitimate son, Isaac (Gen 17:17; 21:5)
- Isaac reaped a hundred-fold from a crop he raised in Gerar (Canaan) (Gen 26:12)
- Jacob bought land for 100 pieces of bullion (Gen 33:19)
- The court enclosure of the Dwelling was 100 cubits long by 50 cubits wide by 50 cubits high (Ex 27:18)
- Five of you will put 100 of your foes to flight; and 100 of you will chase 10,000 (Lev 26:8)
- Set leaders (officers) over tens, fifties, hundreds, thousands (Ex 18:21, 25; Deut 1:15)
- Age when Shem became father to Arpachshad (two years after the flood) (Gen 11:10)
<<< 1000 >>>
- Pasture lands for the Levite cities extended 1000 cubits all around (Num 35:4)
- A levy of a thousand men armed for war from each tribe (Num 31:1-5)
- May the Lord increase you a thousand times over (Deut 1:11)
- Set leaders (officers) over tens, fifties, hundreds, thousands (Ex 18:21, 25; Deut 1:15)
- Abimelech gave Abraham 1000 pieces of silver (Gen 20:16)
- Sample instances (out of many) depicting numbers in the thousands: 2 thousand cubits is the total diameter around the Levite cities (Num 35:5); 2 thousand cubits between the fighting force and the Ark (Josh 3:4); 3 thousand killed because of the Golden Calf (Ex 32:28)
Dr. Walter Boswell
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